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or services, planning and control are larger tasks. Large firms assign planning and control functions to many people, so that reports and corrective actions will not be too far removed from the activity being controlled.
Authority is the power to direct others to perform or not perform activities. Authority is the key to the managerial job and the basis for responsibility. It is the force that binds the organization together. Authority originates with executive management, which delegates it to lower levels. Delegation is essential to organizational structure. Through delegation, a manager’s area of influence is extended, but the manager remains responsible for delegated functions because delegation does not remove responsibility.
Responsibility, or obligation, is closely related to authority. It originates principally in the superior-subordinate relationship in that the superior has the authority to require specific work from others. If subordinates accept the obligation to perform, they create their own responsibility. The superior still is ultimately responsible for subordinates’ performance.
One facet of responsibility is accountability----reporting results to higher authority.
Reporting is important because it enables measurement of the extent to which objectives
are reached. Usually accountability is imposed on an individual rather than a group. This
principle of individual accountability is well established, in both profit and nonprofit
organizations. If the organizational structure permits pooling of judgment, responsibility
is diffused and accountability nullified.
The Organization Chart
An organization chart shows an entity’s principal management positions, helps to
define authority, responsibility, and accountability, and is essential in developing a cost
accounting system capable of reporting the responsibilities of individuals. The coordinated development of a company’s organization with the cost and budgetary system
leads to an approach to accounting and reporting called responsibility accounting.
Most organization charts are based on the line-staff concept. The assumption of this concept is that all positions or functional units can be categorized into two groups: the
line, which makes decisions, and the staff, which gives advice and performs technical
functions. A line-staff organization chart is illustrated in Figure 1-2.
Another type of organization chart is based on the functional-teamwork concept of
management, which emphasizes the most important functions of an enterprise: resources,
processes, and human interrelations. The resources function involves the acquisition, disposal, and prudent management of a wide variety of resources---tangible and intangible, human and physical. The processes function deals with activities such as product design,
research and development, purchasing, manufacturing, advertising, marketing, and billing. The human interrelations function directs the company’s efforts concerning the
behavior of people inside and outside the company. A functional-teamwork organization
chart is illustrated in Figure 1-3.
1-2 The Controller’s Participation in Planning and Control
The controller is the executive manager responsible for the accounting function. The controller coordinates management’s participation in planning and controlling the attainment of objectives, in determining the effectiveness of policies, and in creating organizational structures and processes, The controller also is responsible for observing methods of planning and control throughout the enterprise and for proposing improvements in them.
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Effective control depends on communicating information to management. By issuing performance reports, the controller advises other managers of activities requiring corrective action. These reports emphasize deviations from a predetermined plan, following the principle of management by exception. The principle of management by exception is a belief that managers should be provided with information that directs their attention to activities that require corrective action. The concept is premised on the belief that man agers do not have time to review every action of every subordinate nor to consult with each subordinate prior to each action. This is not to say that managers’ main task is correcting problems or “putting out fires,” but simply that managers need not take actions in the many areas where the work is proceeding as planned.
Using the accounting system and other systems, the controller provides information for planning a company’s future and for controlling its activities. This information goes far beyond the basic financial statements. Investors, government agencies, and other external parties also receive information by which management’s effectiveness may be judged. This information is usually communicated to external users by means of quarterly and annual reports that include financial statements but lack the depth of explanatory detail available to internal decision makers.
1-3 the Cost Department
The cost department, under the direction of the controller, is responsible for gathering, compiling, and communicating information regarding a company’s activities. This
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department analyzes costs and issues performance reports and other decision-making data to managers for use in controlling and improving operations. Analysis of costs and preparation of reports are facilitated by proper division of functions within the cost department and by coordination with other accounting functions, such as general accounting. The cost department also coordinates with the manufacturing, personnel, treasury, marketing, public relations, legal, and other departments.
The manufacturing departments, under the direction of engineers and factory superintendents, design and control production. In research and design, cost estimates are used in deciding whether to accept, improve, or reject a design. Likewise, scheduling, production, and inspection are measured for efficiency in terms of quantity, quality, costs, and, to the extent practical, benefits.
The personnel department interviews and selects employees and maintains personnel records, including wage rates. This information forms the basis for computing payroll costs and for calculating the labor-related costs of any activity, service, or good produced.
The treasury department is responsible for financial administration of a company. In scheduling cash requirements and expectations, it relies on budgets and related reports from the cost department.
หน้า 6
or services, planning and control are larger tasks. Large firms assign planning and control functions to many people, so that reports and corrective actions will not be too far removed from the activity being controlled.
Authority is the power to direct others to perform or not perform activities. Authority is the key to the managerial job and the basis for responsibility. It is the force that binds the organization together. Authority originates with executive management, which delegates it to lower levels. Delegation is essential to organizational structure. Through delegation, a manager’s area of influence is extended, but the manager remains responsible for delegated functions because delegation does not remove responsibility.
Responsibility, or obligation, is closely related to authority. It originates principally in the superior-subordinate relationship in that the superior has the authority to require specific work from others. If subordinates accept the obligation to perform, they create their own responsibility. The superior still is ultimately responsible for subordinates’ performance.
One facet of responsibility is accountability----reporting results to higher authority.
Reporting is important because it enables measurement of the extent to which objectives
are reached. Usually accountability is imposed on an individual rather than a group. This
principle of individual accountability is well established, in both profit and nonprofit
organizations. If the organizational structure permits pooling of judgment, responsibility
is diffused and accountability nullified.
The Organization Chart
An organization chart shows an entity’s principal management positions, helps to
define authority, responsibility, and accountability, and is essential in developing a cost
accounting system capable of reporting the responsibilities of individuals. The coordinated development of a company’s organization with the cost and budgetary system
leads to an approach to accounting and reporting called responsibility accounting.
Most organization charts are based on the line-staff concept. The assumption of this concept is that all positions or functional units can be categorized into two groups: the
line, which makes decisions, and the staff, which gives advice and performs technical
functions. A line-staff organization chart is illustrated in Figure 1-2.
Another type of organization chart is based on the functional-teamwork concept of
management, which emphasizes the most important functions of an enterprise: resources,
processes, and human interrelations. The resources function involves the acquisition, disposal, and prudent management of a wide variety of resources---tangible and intangible, human and physical. The processes function deals with activities such as product design,
research and development, purchasing, manufacturing, advertising, marketing, and billing. The human interrelations function directs the company’s efforts concerning the
behavior of people inside and outside the company. A functional-teamwork organization
chart is illustrated in Figure 1-3.
1-2 The Controller’s Participation in Planning and Control
The controller is the executive manager responsible for the accounting function. The controller coordinates management’s participation in planning and controlling the attainment of objectives, in determining the effectiveness of policies, and in creating organizational structures and processes, The controller also is responsible for observing methods of planning and control throughout the enterprise and for proposing improvements in them.
หน้า 7
Effective control depends on communicating information to management. By issuing performance reports, the controller advises other managers of activities requiring corrective action. These reports emphasize deviations from a predetermined plan, following the principle of management by exception. The principle of management by exception is a belief that managers should be provided with information that directs their attention to activities that require corrective action. The concept is premised on the belief that man agers do not have time to review every action of every subordinate nor to consult with each subordinate prior to each action. This is not to say that managers’ main task is correcting problems or “putting out fires,” but simply that managers need not take actions in the many areas where the work is proceeding as planned.
Using the accounting system and other systems, the controller provides information for planning a company’s future and for controlling its activities. This information goes far beyond the basic financial statements. Investors, government agencies, and other external parties also receive information by which management’s effectiveness may be judged. This information is usually communicated to external users by means of quarterly and annual reports that include financial statements but lack the depth of explanatory detail available to internal decision makers.
1-3 the Cost Department
The cost department, under the direction of the controller, is responsible for gathering, compiling, and communicating information regarding a company’s activities. This
หน้า 8
department analyzes costs and issues performance reports and other decision-making data to managers for use in controlling and improving operations. Analysis of costs and preparation of reports are facilitated by proper division of functions within the cost department and by coordination with other accounting functions, such as general accounting. The cost department also coordinates with the manufacturing, personnel, treasury, marketing, public relations, legal, and other departments.
The manufacturing departments, under the direction of engineers and factory superintendents, design and control production. In research and design, cost estimates are used in deciding whether to accept, improve, or reject a design. Likewise, scheduling, production, and inspection are measured for efficiency in terms of quantity, quality, costs, and, to the extent practical, benefits.
The personnel department interviews and selects employees and maintains personnel records, including wage rates. This information forms the basis for computing payroll costs and for calculating the labor-related costs of any activity, service, or good produced.
The treasury department is responsible for financial administration of a company. In scheduling cash requirements and expectations, it relies on budgets and related reports from the cost department.
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