Box 3.4 Uses of Digital Media in Campaigns
The evolution of digital technologies is revolutionizing, well, revolu -
tion, as well as many lesser forms of political activism. Two cases in
point:
Following the 2009 election in Iran, a widespread suspicion that the
winner, incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, had employed
electoral fraud to defeat his nearest competitor, reform candidate Mir
Hussein Moussavi, gave rise to a pressure campaign against the
government, which responded with various forms of repression.
Because the government controlled the traditional media and was able
to monitor and manage web-based activism as well, the protestors
moved to social networking media such as Twitter to share news,
exhort one another, and organize protests—at one point at a rate of 30
new postings per minute. One of these so-called “tweets” captured the
essence of this new forum: “We have no national press coverage in
Iran, everyone should help spread Moussavi’s message. One Person =
One Broadcaster” (Stone and Cohen, 2009).
Two years earlier, in a somewhat more whimsical but equally indicative
vein, Italian IBM workers launched, in the online world known as
Second Life, the world’s fi rst virtual strike—establishing sign-carrying
pickets—actually avatars ranging from bananas to T-shirted young
women and even what appeared to be an Elvis impersonator—
demanding improved working conditions. The workers set up a virtual
strike task force, prepared informative materials in three languages, and
held more than 20 online strategy meetings. Though this might seem to
have been a trivial effort at fi rst glance, recall that the target audience
included current and potential IBM employees, a tech-savvy group with
a more than usual interest in cyberspace. It was, in fact, an interesting
and sophisticated selection of a campaign channel. And the “strike” was
successful. It led to renewed negotiations with the company and an
eventual agreement, not to mention the resignation, about three weeks
later, of the CEO of IBM in Italy (Au, 2007; Smith, Costello, and
Brecher, 2009).
Box 3.4 Uses of Digital Media in CampaignsThe evolution of digital technologies is revolutionizing, well, revolu -tion, as well as many lesser forms of political activism. Two cases inpoint:Following the 2009 election in Iran, a widespread suspicion that thewinner, incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, had employedelectoral fraud to defeat his nearest competitor, reform candidate MirHussein Moussavi, gave rise to a pressure campaign against thegovernment, which responded with various forms of repression.Because the government controlled the traditional media and was ableto monitor and manage web-based activism as well, the protestorsmoved to social networking media such as Twitter to share news,exhort one another, and organize protests—at one point at a rate of 30new postings per minute. One of these so-called “tweets” captured theessence of this new forum: “We have no national press coverage inIran, everyone should help spread Moussavi’s message. One Person =One Broadcaster” (Stone and Cohen, 2009).Two years earlier, in a somewhat more whimsical but equally indicativevein, Italian IBM workers launched, in the online world known asSecond Life, the world’s fi rst virtual strike—establishing sign-carryingpickets—actually avatars ranging from bananas to T-shirted youngwomen and even what appeared to be an Elvis impersonator—demanding improved working conditions. The workers set up a virtualแรงงาน เตรียมข้อมูลวัสดุ 3 ภาษา การนัดหยุดงาน และจัดประชุมกลยุทธ์ออนไลน์มากกว่า 20 แม้ว่า นี้อาจดูเหมือนมีความพยายามเล็กน้อยอย่างรวดเร็วไร้สาย rst เรียกคืนที่กลุ่มเป้าหมายรวมปัจจุบัน และเป็น IBM พนักงาน กลุ่มไฮเทคด้วยดอกเบี้ยที่มากกว่าปกติในไซเบอร์สเปซ ก็ จริง น่าสนใจและตัวเลือกของสถานีส่งเสริมการขาย และ "ตี"ประสบความสำเร็จ จะนำไปเจรจาต่ออายุกับบริษัทและในข้อตกลง การพูดลาออก ประมาณสามสัปดาห์ภายหลัง ของ CEO IBM ในอิตาลี (Au, 2007 สมิธ Costello และBrecher, 2009)
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