Adjuvants enhance both the magnitude and duration of immune responses, therefore
representing a central component of vaccines. The nature of the adjuvant can determine
the particular type of immune response, which may be skewed toward cytotoxic T cell
(CTL) responses, antibody responses, or particular classes of T helper (Th) responses and
antibody isotypes. Traditionally, adjuvants have been added to intrinsically poor
immunogenic vaccines, such as those using whole killed organisms or subunit vaccines.
Here, we have compared cellular immune responses induced by the immunogenic
modified life-attenuated vaccine Ingelvac PRRS1 MLV when administered alone or in
combination with carbopol, a widely used adjuvant in veterinary medicine. Using
functional readouts (IFN-g ELISpot and cell proliferation) and analyzing phenotypical
hallmarks of CD4T cell differentiation, we show that carbopol improves cellular immunity
by inducing early IFN-g-producing cells and by preferentially driving T cell differentiation
to effector phenotypes. Our data suggest that adjuvants may enhance and modulate lifeattenuated
– not only subunit/inactivated – vaccines.
Adjuvants enhance both the magnitude and duration of immune responses, thereforerepresenting a central component of vaccines. The nature of the adjuvant can determinethe particular type of immune response, which may be skewed toward cytotoxic T cell(CTL) responses, antibody responses, or particular classes of T helper (Th) responses andantibody isotypes. Traditionally, adjuvants have been added to intrinsically poorimmunogenic vaccines, such as those using whole killed organisms or subunit vaccines.Here, we have compared cellular immune responses induced by the immunogenicmodified life-attenuated vaccine Ingelvac PRRS1 MLV when administered alone or incombination with carbopol, a widely used adjuvant in veterinary medicine. Usingfunctional readouts (IFN-g ELISpot and cell proliferation) and analyzing phenotypicalhallmarks of CD4T cell differentiation, we show that carbopol improves cellular immunityby inducing early IFN-g-producing cells and by preferentially driving T cell differentiationto effector phenotypes. Our data suggest that adjuvants may enhance and modulate lifeattenuated– not only subunit/inactivated – vaccines.
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