Sample and Setting A convenience sample was recruited from patients living in a veterans’ hospital in eastern Taiwan. This 2,500-bed hospital is the major hospital caring for psychiatric patients in Taiwan. It consists of two acute units, two subacute units, seven chronic units, three dementia units, and two long-term group residences. The inclusion criteria for subjects were to (1) meet the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition for schizophrenia (APA, 1994), (2) report hearing voices on a daily basis for at least 6 months, (3) have lived in a subacute or chronic unit for more than 3 months at the time of the study, and (4) not have a severe cognitive deficit that would prohibit them from answering questions and rating their AHs. A total of 201 inpatients with schizophrenia participated in
this study. Because of missing items, only 200 cases
were used for final data analysis.