Wallner et al. [15] compared the engine performance of pure gasoline, 10% ethanol and 10% butanol–gasoline blends (E10
and B10). Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) showed an increase of approximately 3.4% for B10 and 4.2% for E10 compared to gasoline, while a similar brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was presented between the three fuels. Dernotte et al. [16] quantified the influence of butanol addition on the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).