Formative referents. The question to measure formative referents was adapted from a previous cross-generational study (Noble and Schewe 2003) and reworded to ask, “Thinking about when you were growing up (i.e., aged 14-20 years), how important are the factors below to your attitude towards holidays in Australia today?” Owing to the absence of mea- sures for this construct, an eight-item scale was generated from the focus group analysis to measure formative influences on travel decision making, according to the approach proposed by Churchill (1979). Analysis of the focus group transcripts revealed three key micro and five key macro for- mative influences on present-day travel decision making. The three micro or personal-level influences included friends, family, and religious affiliations. For example, respondents were asked, “My family’s values when I was growing up influence my attitude toward domestic holidays today.” The five macro or societal-level influences included socioeco- nomic circumstances, education opportunities, employment opportunities, the economy, and society’s values. For example, “The economy when I was growing up influence my attitude toward domestic holidays today.”