cabinet includes a commissioner for Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs. The pub- lic rhetoric of the Chinese Communist Party, moreover, consistently referred to the loss of territory in the north under so-called “unequal treaties,” implying that the independence of Outer Mongolia was a part of this general phenome- non.14 Siam changed its name to Thailand in 1939 partly to lay the basis for a broader nationalist dream of incorporating all Tai peoples into a single state, but Laos was always a special focus of Thai irredentism. The Thai were never rec- onciled to the loss of two territories on the west bank of the Mekong River in 1904. After the fall of France to Germany in 1940, Thailand immediately moved to recover these ‘lost’ territories west of the river and was persistent in its efforts to draw Laos into the Thai economic sphere of influence.15 In Thai- land, moreover, the cultural differences between the heartland around Bangkok and most of the outlying regions were relatively small, and there was a strong tendency to see regional identities—including the identity of the Lao in the northeast—as variations on a Thai theme rather than as distinct minority cul- tures.16 From a Thai point of view, there would be few cultural obstacles to in- corporating the Lao in a larger Thai state.
When Indonesian nationalists were planning their own independence at the end of the Second World War, they discussed at length whether their declara- tion of independence should also cover the Malay Peninsula, though they de- cided eventually to restrict it to the former Netherlands Indies.17 Then, in the early 1960s, President Sukarno sought to assert Indonesia’s hegemony over its smaller neighbor by attempting to veto British plans for placing the Federation of Malaya into a larger Malaysian Federation including Singapore and two or three small northern Borneo states along with the Malay Peninsula. Sukarno’s campaign, known as “Konfrontasi” (Confrontation), was not intended to bring the Malay Peninsula under Indonesian control, but many in the Peninsula feared that this was its purpose.18 These realities of power have meant that supporting
cabinet includes a commissioner for Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs. The pub- lic rhetoric of the Chinese Communist Party, moreover, consistently referred to the loss of territory in the north under so-called “unequal treaties,” implying that the independence of Outer Mongolia was a part of this general phenome- non.14 Siam changed its name to Thailand in 1939 partly to lay the basis for a broader nationalist dream of incorporating all Tai peoples into a single state, but Laos was always a special focus of Thai irredentism. The Thai were never rec- onciled to the loss of two territories on the west bank of the Mekong River in 1904. After the fall of France to Germany in 1940, Thailand immediately moved to recover these ‘lost’ territories west of the river and was persistent in its efforts to draw Laos into the Thai economic sphere of influence.15 In Thai- land, moreover, the cultural differences between the heartland around Bangkok and most of the outlying regions were relatively small, and there was a strong tendency to see regional identities—including the identity of the Lao in the northeast—as variations on a Thai theme rather than as distinct minority cul- tures.16 From a Thai point of view, there would be few cultural obstacles to in- corporating the Lao in a larger Thai state.เมื่อ nationalists อินโดนีเซียถูกวางตนเองเป็นอิสระเมื่อสิ้นสุดสงครามโลกครั้งสอง พวกเขาอธิบายยาวว่า ตน declara-สเตรชันเอกราชควรยังครอบคลุมคาบสมุทรมลายู แม้ว่าพวกเขาเด cided ในที่สุดเพื่อจำกัดการค้นหาเพื่อยืนยันรูปเจ้าของอินโดนีเซียผ่านเพื่อนบ้านของเล็กโดยพยายามยับยั้งแผนอังกฤษสำหรับวางสหพันธรัฐมาลายาในสหพันธรัฐมาเลเซียขนาดใหญ่รวมถึงสิงคโปร์เนเธอร์แลนด์ Indies.17 จากนั้น ในช่วง 1960 ประธานาธิบดีซูการ์โนอดีต และสอง หรือสามเล็กเหนือเกาะบอร์เนียวรัฐพร้อมกับคาบสมุทรมลายู ไม่ได้ทำแคมเปญของซูการ์โน เรียกว่า "Konfrontasi" (เผชิญหน้า), นำคาบสมุทรมาเลย์อินโดนีเซียควบคุม แต่กลัวหลายในคาบสมุทรนี้เป็น purpose.18 ความจริงเหล่านี้กำลังมีขึ้น ที่สนับสนุน
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