2.1. Plant materialSeeds of 989 Brachypodium spp. 
plants were collected from dif-ferent habitats across Israel1. Accessions were classified accordingto six types of habitat: cultivated fields, nature reserves, plantedforests, roadsides, urban areas and unclassified habitats. Seeds wereair-dried and stored at 4◦C until they were used. 
Seeds from everyaccession were germinated in trays filled with commercial growthmixture (Pele-Shacham, Israel), with three replicates of each acces-sion in the same tray. 
The trays were placed in a cold room (16◦C)to break the seeds’ dormancy and then transferred to a greenhouse(18◦C night/25◦C day) and watered as needed.
Since we could not identify any TS resistance to ACCaseinhibitors among the BrI collection, for the in-vitro enzyme activityanalyses, we used two L.
 rigidum populations that were previouslyshown to exhibit TS resistance to different ACCase inhibitors. 
Popu-lation MH (substitution of isoleucine1781to leucine) showed a highlevel of enzyme resistance to diclofop, but not to pinoxaden [26].
Population NO (cysteine2088to arginine substitution) was highlyresistant to pinoxaden (Matzrafi, unpublished results), but not todiclofop.
 
2.1. Plant materialSeeds of 989 Brachypodium spp. 
plants were collected from dif-ferent habitats across Israel1. Accessions were classified accordingto six types of habitat: cultivated fields, nature reserves, plantedforests, roadsides, urban areas and unclassified habitats. Seeds wereair-dried and stored at 4◦C until they were used. 
Seeds from everyaccession were germinated in trays filled with commercial growthmixture (Pele-Shacham, Israel), with three replicates of each acces-sion in the same tray. 
The trays were placed in a cold room (16◦C)to break the seeds’ dormancy and then transferred to a greenhouse(18◦C night/25◦C day) and watered as needed.
Since we could not identify any TS resistance to ACCaseinhibitors among the BrI collection, for the in-vitro enzyme activityanalyses, we used two L.
 rigidum populations that were previouslyshown to exhibit TS resistance to different ACCase inhibitors. 
Popu-lation MH (substitution of isoleucine1781to leucine) showed a highlevel of enzyme resistance to diclofop, but not to pinoxaden [26].
Population NO (cysteine2088to arginine substitution) was highlyresistant to pinoxaden (Matzrafi, unpublished results), but not todiclofop.
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