The ‘eternal cycle’ (Deming, 1986) starts early. It will usually entail modifying some exiting system, rather than building a totally new one. This in itself reduces risk. It is simpler to modify a small part of an existing system and easier to get end-user testing carried out. Many projects, to permit design ideas to be tried out at all, waste considerable time and effort redeveloping sufficient parts of a system just to get small improvements tested. This is often really unnecessary – but people blindly do it.