contain almost the full array of party and government organs so that they can deal effectively with their counterpart bodies at the level of the municiparity or province. The bureaucratic system generally replicates itself yet again at the country level.
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Townships were submerged into the people's communes during the Great Leap Forward, reemerging as separate units only after the advent of the reforms. They became key localities for establishing local enterprises staffed by peasants, especially during the 1980s and early 1990s, and they have continued to serve as a very important source of nonfarm income for many peasant families. Indeed, during the late 1990s roughly 50 percent of peasant migrants to cities went no farther than their own or a neighboring township to find work. Changes in residence rules have allowed peasants to move to townships without obtaining special permission to do so, aithough the situation on the ground varies by locality.