The observed appendages in this study are rhizine,
and cilia. Rhizine is root-like cluster of hyphae adapted
for attaching thallus to its substrate. These are
attachment organs developed from the lower cortex
of foliose lichens. Their shape and color are various
depending on the genus or species. Branching of
rhizine has been recognized as a consistent generic
character [7]. The dichotomously branched rhizine (Fig.
2a) is found in the two genus of Parmeliaceae, such as
Hypotrachyna and Parmelinopsis. The simple rhizine is
presented in Bulbothrix (Fig. 2b), Canoparmelia, and
Parmotrema etc. Cilia are short hair or fibrilar
outgrowths from the margin of thallus. It is important
character to distinguish the generic and species
levels. Position of cilia mainly occurs along the
margins of lobe. Parmelinella chozoubae and P.
wallichiana were characterized by cilia at the axils of
lobe. Cilium of foliose lichens in Parmeliaceae
composes of two types: simple cilia and bulbate cilia.
The simple cilia is presented in Parmelinella,
Parmelinopsis, Parmotrema, and Rimelia (Figure 3a).
The bulbate cilia is diagnostic character of Bulbothrix
and Relicina (Fig. 3b).