M. Iqbal et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 39 (2014) 640–654 645
Fig. 5. Relation between conflicting objectives. Max-R: maximize revenue, Min-E: minimize emissions, Max-RL: maximize reliability, Max-P: maximize production, Min-OC: minimize operating cost, Min-I: minimize investment, Min-FC: minimize fuel cost, Max-LS: maximize life span, Min-WM: minimize waste. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure caption, the reader is referred to the web version of this paper.)
In Fig. 5, different conflicting objectives are shown where, Max-R represents maximization of revenue, Min-E represents minimization of emission, Max-RL represents maximization of reliability, Max-P represents maximization of production, MinOC represents minimization of operating cost, Min-I represents minimization of investment cost, Min-FC represents minimization of fuel cost, Max-LS represents maximization of life span and Min-WM represents minimization of waste material. Different cells are given different colors depending upon their location in the matrix. Red color shows that objectives corresponding to the respective row and column are conflicting with each other, e.g., example maximization of revenue is in conflict with minimization of harmful emission, minimization of operating cost and minimization of fuel cost. Similarly, blue cell with small boxes shows that the corresponding objectives are design dependent, i.e., they may or may not be in conflict depending on the design of the system. For example, minimization of investment may or may not conflict with maximization of revenue and minimization of fuel cost depending upon the design of the renewable system. Green box with vertical lines shows that the corresponding objectives do not have any direct relation with each other, e.g., minimization of harmful emission has no direct relation with the maximization of reliability and life span of the renewable energy system. Light pink box with horizontal lines shows that the corresponding objectives go side by side with each other, e.g., minimization of fuel cost and minimization of operating cost. In the following, we discuss each objective separately and its relation with other objectives. Minimization of harmful emission has been studied in numerous articles, e.g., in [38–41], where the authors have used linear programming and hybrid optimization model to optimize the biofuel based energy generation systems. They consider the conflicting objectives of minimization of pollutant emission and maximization of production and economic efficiency. An optimization model based on geographical information system has been proposed in [42] to identify the locations for biofuel facilities while considering various conflicting objectives namely, emission of waste material, availability of raw material for biofuel, and
operational cost. An energy planning model has been presented in [43] by integrating mixed integer and interval parameter linear programming. The authors formulated the optimization model by considering expense of energy supply, expansion in capacity and energy conversion and utilization ratio as decision variables. They presented a case study for the city of Waterloo, Canada, to assist sustainable energy development and reduce harmful emissions.
Chen et al. [44] proposed an energy system planning model to reduce carbon dioxide emission and ensure energy supply safety with a minimum risk of interruption. The authors have proposed an interval-robust non-linear optimization method by integrating interval parameter planning and robust optimization to cope with the random conditions. The used model considered continuous as well as binary decision variables. Continuous variables were used to represent the flow of energy and the incremental improvement in the capacity, and the binary variables were used to depict whether or not any specific technology to be deployed or action to be taken.
In [45], the authors have proposed a mixed integer linear programming model to reduce the cost per unit of power under the constraints of efficiency and carbon emission. In [46] an energy system planning model has been considered for the region of the greater southern Appalachian mountains of the eastern United States. The model formulates an objective function to establish a balance between the annual cost of energy generation and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. In [47], a modified energy flow optimization model has been proposed, which gives solution for optimal power plants to be deployed with the objective function that minimizes the total cost of production and carbon dioxide emission and maximizes the robustness.
A multi-criteria decision making has been used to develop an optimization model to minimize the harmful emission and estimated costs of production for a hybrid photovoltaic-wind turbine system [48].In[49], the authors have used a non-linear optimization model to minimize the noise emission and maximize the production by improving the aerodynamic efficiency of the blade of wind turbine. Particle swarm optimization has been used in
M. Iqbal et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 39 (2014) 640–654 645
Fig. 5. Relation between conflicting objectives. Max-R: maximize revenue, Min-E: minimize emissions, Max-RL: maximize reliability, Max-P: maximize production, Min-OC: minimize operating cost, Min-I: minimize investment, Min-FC: minimize fuel cost, Max-LS: maximize life span, Min-WM: minimize waste. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure caption, the reader is referred to the web version of this paper.)
In Fig. 5, different conflicting objectives are shown where, Max-R represents maximization of revenue, Min-E represents minimization of emission, Max-RL represents maximization of reliability, Max-P represents maximization of production, MinOC represents minimization of operating cost, Min-I represents minimization of investment cost, Min-FC represents minimization of fuel cost, Max-LS represents maximization of life span and Min-WM represents minimization of waste material. Different cells are given different colors depending upon their location in the matrix. Red color shows that objectives corresponding to the respective row and column are conflicting with each other, e.g., example maximization of revenue is in conflict with minimization of harmful emission, minimization of operating cost and minimization of fuel cost. Similarly, blue cell with small boxes shows that the corresponding objectives are design dependent, i.e., they may or may not be in conflict depending on the design of the system. For example, minimization of investment may or may not conflict with maximization of revenue and minimization of fuel cost depending upon the design of the renewable system. Green box with vertical lines shows that the corresponding objectives do not have any direct relation with each other, e.g., minimization of harmful emission has no direct relation with the maximization of reliability and life span of the renewable energy system. Light pink box with horizontal lines shows that the corresponding objectives go side by side with each other, e.g., minimization of fuel cost and minimization of operating cost. In the following, we discuss each objective separately and its relation with other objectives. Minimization of harmful emission has been studied in numerous articles, e.g., in [38–41], where the authors have used linear programming and hybrid optimization model to optimize the biofuel based energy generation systems. They consider the conflicting objectives of minimization of pollutant emission and maximization of production and economic efficiency. An optimization model based on geographical information system has been proposed in [42] to identify the locations for biofuel facilities while considering various conflicting objectives namely, emission of waste material, availability of raw material for biofuel, and
operational cost. An energy planning model has been presented in [43] by integrating mixed integer and interval parameter linear programming. The authors formulated the optimization model by considering expense of energy supply, expansion in capacity and energy conversion and utilization ratio as decision variables. They presented a case study for the city of Waterloo, Canada, to assist sustainable energy development and reduce harmful emissions.
Chen et al. [44] proposed an energy system planning model to reduce carbon dioxide emission and ensure energy supply safety with a minimum risk of interruption. The authors have proposed an interval-robust non-linear optimization method by integrating interval parameter planning and robust optimization to cope with the random conditions. The used model considered continuous as well as binary decision variables. Continuous variables were used to represent the flow of energy and the incremental improvement in the capacity, and the binary variables were used to depict whether or not any specific technology to be deployed or action to be taken.
In [45], the authors have proposed a mixed integer linear programming model to reduce the cost per unit of power under the constraints of efficiency and carbon emission. In [46] an energy system planning model has been considered for the region of the greater southern Appalachian mountains of the eastern United States. The model formulates an objective function to establish a balance between the annual cost of energy generation and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. In [47], a modified energy flow optimization model has been proposed, which gives solution for optimal power plants to be deployed with the objective function that minimizes the total cost of production and carbon dioxide emission and maximizes the robustness.
A multi-criteria decision making has been used to develop an optimization model to minimize the harmful emission and estimated costs of production for a hybrid photovoltaic-wind turbine system [48].In[49], the authors have used a non-linear optimization model to minimize the noise emission and maximize the production by improving the aerodynamic efficiency of the blade of wind turbine. Particle swarm optimization has been used in
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