The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has undergone some incredible changes since its establishment in 1949. Some would say that it has experienced more socio-political and economic extremes in its brief history as a republic than most countries have ever experienced in their entire histories. It was founded as a communist state and, 30 years ago, has moved forward to embrace the free market economy of globalization under the doctrine of “socialism with Chinese characteristics”; an explanation by former party leader Deng Xiaoping that to generate wealth in China was not divergent from socialism but supported it by enriching the Chinese people.
These relatively dramatic changes in such a brief period has not been without impact on Chinese culture. It has taught China to be resilient; it has taught them to persevere; it has taught them to work hard and work through – it has created the industrious engine of global growth that we see today.
The advent of China’s reform and opening-up over 30 years ago, a process championed by former leader Deng Xiaoping, has set the tone for the developing culture of post-Mao China. The latent creativity, enterprise and innovation that was controlled under the collective state in the Mao-era was allowed to flourish in gradual steps of economic and social reform.
Such gradual changes have seen ever-increasing dynamism in artistic creation with every step China takes in its reform process. There creative arts and crafts continue to increase in terms of quantity as well as quality, benefitting from the subsidies and creative platforms that the Ministry of Culture is committed to provide to further foster cultural growth. Its national initiatives, such as the China Arts Festival and China Theater Festival and WENS (Works of Excellence on the Nation’s Stage), publicise the creations of artists around China; and national awards ceremonies, the esteemed Wenhua (Culture) Awards ceremony (for professional artists) and Galaxy Awards (for amateur and community cultural contributions), work wonders to publicise the arts and aspiring artists at the national level.
The formative years of the PRC and the dramatic changes that society has experienced has interestingly encouraged the development of more historical and existential, rather than abstract, art forms in China. Artists tend to create works that focus on the real; on works that are relevant to reality, to life and to the people. High quality works including novels, films, plays, music, dance, fine arts and opera that reminisce on China’s mythical imperial past or even its modern history have emerged in great numbers. The government supports this cultural growth, especially for those art forms that are unique to China’s long history, such as Kunqu and Beijing Opera, which have enjoyed a veritable renaissance since the years of Mao due to this support.
Outreach programs such as “Bringing Culture to the Countryside” and “Art on Campus” have specifically targeted developing the arts at the grass roots level in local communities, such as Universities, where pressures of degree work might overcome interests in pursuing the arts; or rural communities, which might otherwise not benefit from immediate access to the arts that might be prevalent in urban centres. Such initiatives have driven cultural interest throughout all levels of society.
A network of public cultural services has been established and strengthened by local and central government support, which aims to bring cultural access to all areas of China’s diverse society. The network’s objective is to provide eventual universal cultural access for all of China’s people. It is part of a broader strategy towards greater social inclusion throughout China’s vastly diverse population
China’s state support for the cultural arts is more than considerable and is growing in proportion to China’s increasing economic successes: its cultural budget was 444 million RMB in 1978; 1.074 billion RMB in 1986; 1.728 billion RMB in 1991; 5.078 billion RMB in 1998; and 24.804 billion RMB in 2008. State support is likely to continue to grow above the national GDP growth in the future as China makes headway in developing a knowledge economy as well as an industrial economy: in recent years, the annual growth rate of the creative industries across China is more than 17%, 6-8% above concurrent GDP growth rates.
The public services to provide cultural access have similarly grown: by the end of 2008, there were 2,819 public libraries; 1,893 museums; 3,217 cultural centers (including community culture centers); 37,938 cultural stations (cultural outposts); and 247,332 village (community) cultural rooms around China.
At the same time, major cultural service programs have been carried out including the “Cultural Corridor along Ten-thousand Miles of Chinese Frontier”; “Project Knowledge” (for library service and book reading); the “Dandelion Program” (for children’s art); the “National Cultural Resources Information Sharing Project” (CRISP, providing internet service in the countryside among others); “Bringing Books to the Countryside”; and “Travelling Cultural Services” (such as stage trucks), which all aim to expand the coverage of public cultural services. Since 2004, a policy has been adopted whereby museums, memorials, art galleries and educational bases at all levels and of all kinds have begun to provide discount tickets or free access for the public.
A thriving creative industry market is emerging, which shows that the cultural arts are booming. Since the reform and opening-up of China, an integrated, open, competition-based market system has been established for the creative industries and arts, comprising entertainment, performing arts, audio-visual products, films, internet culture, artworks and more.
Publicly owned enterprises and private enterprises are equally successful in the market, although private creative enterprises are rapidly expanding into the sector. According to estimation, the ratio of publicly-owned creative enterprises to private creative enterprises has shifted from 1:1 in 2004 to 1:4 today. In 2007, there were 2,850 publicly-run artistic troupes and companies, whereas the number of private performing arts groups now exceeds 6,800.
While conventional creative and artistic industries are enjoying a new vibrancy, newly emerging creative media, such as cartoons, animation and online gaming, are growing booming as technological integration increases and our digital penetration develops. The creative and cultural industries of China are embracing a higher scale of economy, industrial intensification and professionalism.
There have been notable achievements in the protection of cultural heritage, and traditional cultural legacies are being well maintained and promoted. An inventory system recognising cultural heritage items on the national, provincial, municipal and county levels has long been established and is working wonders in protecting heritage sites that could otherwise fall into disrepair. The State Council has identified 2,351 national key heritage sites and 1,028 national natural cultural heritage items in 2 groups over the decades. Among some of the most effective cases of heritage protection are the protection and maintenance of such historical sites as the Potala Palace in Tibet, the archeological research, excavation and protection of cultural relics within the scope of key national construction projects such as the Three Gorges Reservoir, and the preservation of large heritage sites such as the Great Wall. Today, China has 38 heritage sites enlisted on the World Heritage List, ranking third in the world, second only to Italy and Spain. Four items, including Kunqu Opera, have been proclaimed by UNESCO as “Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity”. China has also published 298 volumes and 450 anthologies recording the long-cherished traditional and ethnic culture and arts across the country, and the third archeological survey has registered more than 400,000 immoveable cultural properties.
There is a lot of activity in China’s international cultural exchanges, which is a sign that the interest in Chinese culture is constantly increasing and improving. China now maintains good cultural relations with 160 nations and regions and has signed governmental cultural cooperation agreements and established about 800 executive programs with 145 nations. Today, China has 96 cultural sections in Chinese embassies and consulates in 82 nations, seven Chinese Cultural Centers and 140 Confucius Institutes abroad. A number of high profile and influential cultural exchange events have taken place such as the China-France Cultural Years, China-Russian National Years and the China-Japan Exchange Year for Culture and Sports. Popular events such as the celebration of Chinese New Year have attracted wide audiences both at home and abroad.
If we look at how recent the PRC was established and look at the changes that have arisen out of its development, such cultural growth is indicative of the creative spirit that China will continue to develop in the future.
สาธารณรัฐประชาชนจีน (PRC) ได้เปลี่ยนแปลงบางอย่างไม่น่าเชื่อนับตั้งแต่ก่อตั้งใน 1949 บางคนพูดว่า มีประสบการณ์มากขึ้นการเมือง และเศรษฐกิจที่สุดในสาธารณรัฐเป็นประวัติโดยย่อกว่าประเทศส่วนใหญ่เคยมีประสบการณ์ในประวัติของพวกเขาทั้งหมด ได้ก่อตั้งขึ้นเป็นรัฐคอมมิวนิสต์และ 30 ปี ได้ย้ายไปสวมกอดเศรษฐกิจตลาดเสรีของโลกาภิวัตน์ภายใต้ลัทธิของ "สังคมนิยมจีนลักษณะ" คำอธิบาย โดยหัวหน้าอดีตพรรคเต็ง Xiaoping ที่สร้างให้เลือกมากมายในประเทศจีนไม่ขันติธรรมจากสังคมนิยม แต่สนับสนุน โดยเสริมคนจีนไม่ได้เปลี่ยนแปลงเหล่านี้อย่างค่อนข้างมากในช่วงสั้น ๆ โดยไม่มีผลกระทบต่อวัฒนธรรมจีน มันมีสอนจีนให้ยืดหยุ่น มันได้สอนให้พากเพียร มันได้สอนให้ทำงานอย่างหนัก และทำงานผ่าน – มันได้สร้างเครื่องยนต์ขยันหมั่นเพียรของที่เราเห็นวันนี้การมาถึงของปฏิรูปของจีน และเปิดขึ้นกว่า 30 ปีที่ผ่านมา กระบวนการ championed โดยผู้นำอดีต Xiaoping เต็ง ได้ตั้งเสียงสำหรับการพัฒนาวัฒนธรรมของจีนลงเมา ความคิดสร้างสรรค์ที่แฝงอยู่ องค์กร และนวัตกรรมที่ถูกควบคุมภายใต้รัฐรวมในยุคเหมา ได้รับอนุญาตให้งอกงามในขั้นตอนค่อย ๆ ปฏิรูปเศรษฐกิจ และสังคมSuch gradual changes have seen ever-increasing dynamism in artistic creation with every step China takes in its reform process. There creative arts and crafts continue to increase in terms of quantity as well as quality, benefitting from the subsidies and creative platforms that the Ministry of Culture is committed to provide to further foster cultural growth. Its national initiatives, such as the China Arts Festival and China Theater Festival and WENS (Works of Excellence on the Nation’s Stage), publicise the creations of artists around China; and national awards ceremonies, the esteemed Wenhua (Culture) Awards ceremony (for professional artists) and Galaxy Awards (for amateur and community cultural contributions), work wonders to publicise the arts and aspiring artists at the national level.The formative years of the PRC and the dramatic changes that society has experienced has interestingly encouraged the development of more historical and existential, rather than abstract, art forms in China. Artists tend to create works that focus on the real; on works that are relevant to reality, to life and to the people. High quality works including novels, films, plays, music, dance, fine arts and opera that reminisce on China’s mythical imperial past or even its modern history have emerged in great numbers. The government supports this cultural growth, especially for those art forms that are unique to China’s long history, such as Kunqu and Beijing Opera, which have enjoyed a veritable renaissance since the years of Mao due to this support.โปรแกรมภาคสนามเช่น "นำวัฒนธรรมไปชนบท" และ "ศิลปะบนแคมปัส" ได้โดยเฉพาะเป้าหมายการพัฒนาศิลปะในระดับรากหญ้าในชุมชน เช่นมหาวิทยาลัย ที่ความดันของระดับงานอาจเอาชนะการสนใจในการใฝ่หาศิลปะ หรือ ชุมชนชนบท ซึ่งอาจเป็นอย่างอื่นไม่ได้ทันทีเข้ากับศิลปะที่แพร่หลายในเมืองศูนย์ โครงการดังกล่าวได้ขับเคลื่อนวัฒนธรรมสนใจทั่วทุกระดับของสังคมเครือข่ายของบริการสาธารณะทางวัฒนธรรมได้รับการก่อตั้ง และความเข้มแข็งท้องถิ่นและรัฐบาลกลางสนับสนุน ซึ่งมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อนำวัฒนธรรมเข้าไปทุกพื้นที่ของสังคมหลากหลายของจีน วัตถุประสงค์ของเครือข่ายให้เข้าถึงวัฒนธรรมสากลที่สุดของคนจีนทั้งหมดได้ เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของกลยุทธ์ที่กว้างขึ้นต่อรวมมากกว่าสังคมทั่วประชากรหลากหลายสำคัญ ๆ ของจีนของจีนรัฐสนับสนุนศิลปะวัฒนธรรมเป็นมากกว่ามาก และเติบโตสัดของจีนเพิ่มความสำเร็จทางเศรษฐกิจ: งบประมาณของวัฒนธรรมถูก 444 ล้าน RMB ในปี 1978 1.074 ล้าน RMB ในปี 1986 1.728 พันล้าน RMB ในปี 1991 5.078 พันล้าน RMB ในปี 1998 และ 24.804 พันล้าน RMB ในปี 2008 สนับสนุนรัฐมีแนวโน้มการเติบโตสูงกว่าเศรษฐกิจแห่งชาติในอนาคตเนื่องจากจีนทำให้เจริญในการพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจความรู้เป็นเศรษฐกิจอุตสาหกรรม: ในปีล่าสุด อัตราการเติบโตรายปีของอุตสาหกรรมสร้างสรรค์ในประเทศจีนมีมากกว่า 17%, 6-8% อัตราเติบโต GDP พร้อมกันThe public services to provide cultural access have similarly grown: by the end of 2008, there were 2,819 public libraries; 1,893 museums; 3,217 cultural centers (including community culture centers); 37,938 cultural stations (cultural outposts); and 247,332 village (community) cultural rooms around China.At the same time, major cultural service programs have been carried out including the “Cultural Corridor along Ten-thousand Miles of Chinese Frontier”; “Project Knowledge” (for library service and book reading); the “Dandelion Program” (for children’s art); the “National Cultural Resources Information Sharing Project” (CRISP, providing internet service in the countryside among others); “Bringing Books to the Countryside”; and “Travelling Cultural Services” (such as stage trucks), which all aim to expand the coverage of public cultural services. Since 2004, a policy has been adopted whereby museums, memorials, art galleries and educational bases at all levels and of all kinds have begun to provide discount tickets or free access for the public.A thriving creative industry market is emerging, which shows that the cultural arts are booming. Since the reform and opening-up of China, an integrated, open, competition-based market system has been established for the creative industries and arts, comprising entertainment, performing arts, audio-visual products, films, internet culture, artworks and more.Publicly owned enterprises and private enterprises are equally successful in the market, although private creative enterprises are rapidly expanding into the sector. According to estimation, the ratio of publicly-owned creative enterprises to private creative enterprises has shifted from 1:1 in 2004 to 1:4 today. In 2007, there were 2,850 publicly-run artistic troupes and companies, whereas the number of private performing arts groups now exceeds 6,800.While conventional creative and artistic industries are enjoying a new vibrancy, newly emerging creative media, such as cartoons, animation and online gaming, are growing booming as technological integration increases and our digital penetration develops. The creative and cultural industries of China are embracing a higher scale of economy, industrial intensification and professionalism.There have been notable achievements in the protection of cultural heritage, and traditional cultural legacies are being well maintained and promoted. An inventory system recognising cultural heritage items on the national, provincial, municipal and county levels has long been established and is working wonders in protecting heritage sites that could otherwise fall into disrepair. The State Council has identified 2,351 national key heritage sites and 1,028 national natural cultural heritage items in 2 groups over the decades. Among some of the most effective cases of heritage protection are the protection and maintenance of such historical sites as the Potala Palace in Tibet, the archeological research, excavation and protection of cultural relics within the scope of key national construction projects such as the Three Gorges Reservoir, and the preservation of large heritage sites such as the Great Wall. Today, China has 38 heritage sites enlisted on the World Heritage List, ranking third in the world, second only to Italy and Spain. Four items, including Kunqu Opera, have been proclaimed by UNESCO as “Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity”. China has also published 298 volumes and 450 anthologies recording the long-cherished traditional and ethnic culture and arts across the country, and the third archeological survey has registered more than 400,000 immoveable cultural properties.There is a lot of activity in China’s international cultural exchanges, which is a sign that the interest in Chinese culture is constantly increasing and improving. China now maintains good cultural relations with 160 nations and regions and has signed governmental cultural cooperation agreements and established about 800 executive programs with 145 nations. Today, China has 96 cultural sections in Chinese embassies and consulates in 82 nations, seven Chinese Cultural Centers and 140 Confucius Institutes abroad. A number of high profile and influential cultural exchange events have taken place such as the China-France Cultural Years, China-Russian National Years and the China-Japan Exchange Year for Culture and Sports. Popular events such as the celebration of Chinese New Year have attracted wide audiences both at home and abroad.
If we look at how recent the PRC was established and look at the changes that have arisen out of its development, such cultural growth is indicative of the creative spirit that China will continue to develop in the future.
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