1. Introduction
Degenerative joint disease (DJD) or osteoarthritis in the equine athlete is a major cause of economic loss to the
equine industry through loss of revenue from an inability to perform and expense of treatment. Biomechanical stress
either as a major event or multiple low-grade events is a common etiology of DJD and results in a synovial inflammation,
degradation of cartilage, and changes of the subchondral bone. Development and propagation of changes
within the joint as a result of DJD is a consequence of the combination of a release of proinflammatory cytokines
(interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-a]),extracellular matrix degrading enzymes, arachidonic acid
metabolites, and oxygen free radicals [1–3]. These substances in turn cause synovial inflammation, cartilagedegradation, and subchondral bone remodeling creating a vicious cycle. Joint pain, which is commonly manifested
as lameness, is a result of exposure of sensory nerves of the synovial capsule, synovium, and subchondral bone to
a combination of mechanical stimuli, such as joint effusion, and chemical mediators, such as those involved in inflammation.
1. IntroductionDegenerative joint disease (DJD) or osteoarthritis in the equine athlete is a major cause of economic loss to theequine industry through loss of revenue from an inability to perform and expense of treatment. Biomechanical stresseither as a major event or multiple low-grade events is a common etiology of DJD and results in a synovial inflammation,degradation of cartilage, and changes of the subchondral bone. Development and propagation of changeswithin the joint as a result of DJD is a consequence of the combination of a release of proinflammatory cytokines(interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-a]),extracellular matrix degrading enzymes, arachidonic acidmetabolites, and oxygen free radicals [1–3]. These substances in turn cause synovial inflammation, cartilagedegradation, and subchondral bone remodeling creating a vicious cycle. Joint pain, which is commonly manifestedas lameness, is a result of exposure of sensory nerves of the synovial capsule, synovium, and subchondral bone toa combination of mechanical stimuli, such as joint effusion, and chemical mediators, such as those involved in inflammation.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
