there is potential for thermal degradation of carotenoids during
this process. In addition, the more saturated lipids needed
to produce these particles may be unattractive to health conscious
consumers trying to reduce their intake of saturated fats.
Bioavailability of incorporated carotenoids may also be of concern.
Crystalline structures of carotenoids may be less soluble
and less bioavailable than non-crystalline carotenoids, which
may make solid-lipid particles with dispersed carotenoid crystals
less beneficial. Finally, if lipid crystallization is not done
properly, the carotenoid could end up concentrated on the outside
of the lipid core where it could be more susceptible. This
problem was seen in solid emulsion droplets containing omega-
3 fatty acids (Okuda et al., 2005).
CONCLUSIONS
As further evidence on the health benefits of carotenoids is
discovered, there is likely to be an increased demand for the
addition of carotenoids into functional food products. However,
due to the instability of carotenoids and multiple mechanisms
of carotenoid degradation in foods, it is essential that the mechanisms
of carotenoid degradation in each product are identified
and that ingredient formulations are engineered to ensure
carotenoid stability over the shelf-life of the food. Conventional
emulsions, multi-layer emulsions, and solid-lipid particles are
several carotenoid delivery systems that should be considered
for use in functional food formulations since each of these systems
has the potential to offer multiple forms of carotenoid protection,
while still allowing for easy incorporation into foods.
there is potential for thermal degradation of carotenoids during
this process. In addition, the more saturated lipids needed
to produce these particles may be unattractive to health conscious
consumers trying to reduce their intake of saturated fats.
Bioavailability of incorporated carotenoids may also be of concern.
Crystalline structures of carotenoids may be less soluble
and less bioavailable than non-crystalline carotenoids, which
may make solid-lipid particles with dispersed carotenoid crystals
less beneficial. Finally, if lipid crystallization is not done
properly, the carotenoid could end up concentrated on the outside
of the lipid core where it could be more susceptible. This
problem was seen in solid emulsion droplets containing omega-
3 fatty acids (Okuda et al., 2005).
CONCLUSIONS
As further evidence on the health benefits of carotenoids is
discovered, there is likely to be an increased demand for the
addition of carotenoids into functional food products. However,
due to the instability of carotenoids and multiple mechanisms
of carotenoid degradation in foods, it is essential that the mechanisms
of carotenoid degradation in each product are identified
and that ingredient formulations are engineered to ensure
carotenoid stability over the shelf-life of the food. Conventional
emulsions, multi-layer emulsions, and solid-lipid particles are
several carotenoid delivery systems that should be considered
for use in functional food formulations since each of these systems
has the potential to offer multiple forms of carotenoid protection,
while still allowing for easy incorporation into foods.
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