Good governance, in terms of transparency and accountability in its operations and decision making, has also been offered as an objective for better urban management. This too is only partial, for it fails to consider what good urban government would work to achieve. More participation in management by the parties who make a city is being advocated as a means to good governance and to improved management. While the increase in transparency and accountability can work to improve efficiency and effectiveness, the concept of participation in decision making raises the question of whose interests - among those participating and not participating - establish the purposes of efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, transparency, accountability, and good governance?