Involvement. Park and Mittal (1985) define involvement
as goal-directed arousal. Hope and involvement may be
empirically related; for example, a consumer who has
strong hope for a goal-congruent outcome (e.g., profiting
Hope’s Relevance to Product Evaluation and Choice / 3
from the stock market) may be highly involved in activities
that support its occurrence (e.g., by consulting prospectus
sheets, friends, and brokers).