Similarly, Jacob and Leelavathi (2007) stated that cookies containing sunflower oil had relatively harder texture compared to those containing bakery fat probably due to poor entrapment of air during creaming, while Kamel (1994) explained that although large amounts of air can be incorporated into liquid oil, it cannot be retained in the system and this might explain the hard texture of the cookies. An increase in gumminess and chewiness values with while the lowest cake volume was obtained with the control batter