External self-concept motivation is described as an individual’s motivation
to engage in certain behaviors for the approval of others. The self-concept is
inferred from the role expectations of reference groups, with the individual
seeking affirmation of competencies and traits from others. Internal self-
WORK MOTIVATION SCALE 1567
concept motivation is described as an individual’s motivation to perform in
order to reinforce his or her internal standards of traits, competencies, and
values. This concept of the ideal self serves to motivate the individual to
perform in ways that reinforce this concept. To summarize, the five sources of
motivation include (a) intrinsic process motivation; (b) instrumental motivation;
(c) external self-concept motivation; (d) internal self-concept motivation;
and (e) goal internalization motivation.