Executive control may be important for successful route learning. Although there have been no published investigations that directly address the relationship between route learning and executive control, Münzer, Zimmer, Schwalm, Baus, and Aslan (2006) argued that the poor spatial knowledge of users of navigation assistance devicesmay be due to a lack of ‘‘active encoding’’. This no-tion is similar to the concept of ‘‘depth of processing’’, whereby only infor-mation that is used, transformed, or actively memorized is subsequently available for recall. Another suggestion that executive control might be important comes from a study of route learning in Wil-liams syndrome Farran and colleagues (2012) noted that the perseverative errors seen in their sample could be explained with reference to executive dysfunction.