Of the large variety of approaches used to gain public input into science
and technology policy, some are more formalized than others. In Table 1, the
key features of eight of these approaches are described (given space limitations,
we cannot detail these in the text). Other procedures are less well developed:
some are simply putative procedures that have yet to make it “off the
paper” (e.g., see Aronoff and Gunter 1994), others have been implemented
by perhaps a single group of researchers or consultants in a number of practical
projects (e.g., see Soby, Simpson, and Ives 1994; Swallow, Opaluch, and
Weaver 1992; Wiedemann and Femers 1993), and still others comprise a
variety of elements in wider-scale and invariably unique programs that may
entail variations on more standard procedures (see Chen and Mathes 1989;
Glicker 1992; Renn et al. 1993; Klauenberg and Vermulen 1994; Ballard and
Kuhn 1996; Elder 1997; Petts 1997). It is possible that some of these innovative
approaches, particularly those that combine a variety of methods or that
provide variants on the more standardized procedures, will ultimately prove
to be the most efficient mechanisms for engaging the public. For the purpose
of this analysis, however, the absence of multiple uses of precise formulations
of these “procedures” means that they tend to suffer from a lack of unbiased
evaluation and an absence of any critical literature about their advantages
and disadvantages, and hence the focus here is on the more formalized
mechanisms.
Of the large variety of approaches used to gain public input into scienceand technology policy, some are more formalized than others. In Table 1, thekey features of eight of these approaches are described (given space limitations,we cannot detail these in the text). Other procedures are less well developed:some are simply putative procedures that have yet to make it “off thepaper” (e.g., see Aronoff and Gunter 1994), others have been implementedby perhaps a single group of researchers or consultants in a number of practicalprojects (e.g., see Soby, Simpson, and Ives 1994; Swallow, Opaluch, andWeaver 1992; Wiedemann and Femers 1993), and still others comprise avariety of elements in wider-scale and invariably unique programs that mayentail variations on more standard procedures (see Chen and Mathes 1989;Glicker 1992; Renn et al. 1993; Klauenberg and Vermulen 1994; Ballard andKuhn 1996; Elder 1997; Petts 1997). It is possible that some of these innovativeapproaches, particularly those that combine a variety of methods or thatprovide variants on the more standardized procedures, will ultimately proveto be the most efficient mechanisms for engaging the public. For the purposeof this analysis, however, the absence of multiple uses of precise formulationsof these “procedures” means that they tend to suffer from a lack of unbiasedevaluation and an absence of any critical literature about their advantagesand disadvantages, and hence the focus here is on the more formalizedmechanisms.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..