The progressive movement began as a reaction against political machines and perceived subversion of democratic values through corruption and patronage systems that controlled who was elected to political office and who was rewarded with government employment. The rise of management reforms during this period focused on broadening participation and increasing access to elected office and the political process. Judd argues that there was a clear class bias in this effort, in that"municipal reformers shared a conviction that it was their responsibility to educate and instruct the lower classes about good government" (Judd 1988, 89). Judd also links this movement the rise of municipal experts." Similar arguments were made in the South in advocating for wresting control of the political. process from the segregationist elements of the Democratic Party and "reforming" the political process.