Adolescent Mental Health Symptoms
In this study, symptoms were assessed by the Youth Self-
Report (YSR; Achenbach and Rescorla 2001) and the Child
Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach and Rescorla 2001).
Both measures show excellent internal consistency, test–
retest reliability, and construct validity across gender and
race/ethnicity in previous research. The Internalizing Problems
and Externalizing Problems T-scores were used as
primary measures of mental health symptoms in the current
study. The Internalizing Problems subscale includes anxiety
and depression symptoms as well as somatic complaints
(e.g., headaches, stomachaches). The Externalizing Problems
subscale includes rule-breaking, lying, and aggression