Only Z. bailii and R. mucilaginosa were resuscitated in laboratory
conditions. The fermentative yeasts C. stellata and S. cerevisiae were not
able to recover, likely due to the presence of ethanol and a high osmotic environment
(Divol and Lonvaud-Funel 2005). While these studies suggest that VBNC
populations may exist in wine and that the VBNC state most likely plays a role in
wine spoilage, more studies are needed to better understand the physiology of
organisms in the VBNC state and their ability to effect wine during maturation.