The case studies synthesized above do not cover all
by-catch issues, but they provide a broad sketch of the
direction in which programs are moving. In most of
them, attempts are being made to keep a viable ®shery.
The ®shers usually play a major role in developing and
testing the modi®cations proposed. Most solutions involve
relatively minor changes in gear and procedures,
and usually a combination of technology and management
achieves the desired improvements. But not all the
problems listed above yet have a satisfactory solution,
and it is necessary to think of the ®sheries as dynamic
systems, where evolution is taking place, and changes
should be expected.