In order to clarify the relationship between the impacts of tourism and residents' attitudes toward tourism, several models have been developed. One of the most influential models is Doxey's Irridex model (1975) which suggests that residents' attitudes toward tourism may pass through a series of stages from "euphoria," through "apathy" and "irritation." to "antagonism," as perceived costs exceed the expected benefits. This model is supported by Long et al.'s (1990) research results, which indicate residents' attitudes, are initially favorable but become negative after reaching a threshold.
The Doxey irridex model gives a clear view of how host community attitude changes over a period of time. It mentions host community perceptions, reactions and attitudes in the direction of tourism (Manson et al.2000). This can be a conflicting principle because some research came to a conclusion that various host community attitudes and perceptions may exist in the community, (Brougham et al.1981, Rothman 1978). Akis, Peristanis & Warner (1996) disapprove the Irridex Model and The Tourism Life Cycle and view it as too simple, because both models give a few hint of changing host community perceptions and attitudes over time. Other researchers like Lankford and Howard (1994, P.135) opposed against the model of Doxey(1975) because positive and negative factors that affect the perceptions and attitudes of host community are not given much consideration.