Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a major cause of hospitalization, and it is a condition that most and gastrointestinal emergency medicine units deal with every day. Despite the lingering controversy, recent data indicate a decline in the incidence of peptic ulcer disease in general, and peptic ulcer bleeding in particular, in both the United States and Europe , which can probably be generalized to other parts of the world. The reasons for the observed decrease in hospitalizations due to non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding events are not well defined, but it seems reasonable to assume that a decrease in Helicobacter pylori infection, a probable cohort effect, and a progressive increase in the implementation of preventive strategies in patients taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the key players Nonetheless, some countries report an increasing proportion of bleeding episodes related to the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-platelet therapy, whereas in other parts of the world, Helicobacter pylori–associated PUB remains a major issue