Limitations
This study represents a step forward in the analysis of factors that contribute to IT use, but it is not without limitations. SEM techniques used here allowed for complex data analysis, but an insufficient number of districts available in the USEIT data may have resulted in inflated effects at the district level. Other issues that limit generalizability are the purposive nature of the USEIT sample, the omission of other explanatory factors of IT use that were not included in USEIT surveys, and the elimination of factors from analyses due to measurement constraints. Additionally, analyses presented here focused only on one type of IT use: TDS. However, it is important to examine factors associated with teachers’ use of technology for other instructional purposes (e.g., to deliver instruction). Finally, the attribution of factors to specific organizational levels in analyses presented here may not have reflected the respective assignment of factors in school organizations, as the assignment of factors in multilevel analysis is often arbitrary (Hox, 1998). In the future, researchers may gain a better understanding of factors that impact IT use by collecting data at the organizational level where they reside. Nonetheless, this study represents a more comprehensive analysis of the interaction between factors residing at various organizational levels of analysis than have previous studies. Perhaps more important, this study suggests that increasing the use of IT is not limited to a list of factors that individually contribute to affecting technology use in the classroom. Rather, results point to the importance of an entire school district culture committed to IT use, where district leaders set and enforce IT goals, encourage principals to make technology-related decisions, and communicate the importance of using technology across the organization.