Conventional faecal examination as well as recovery of adult
worms is still the gold standard diagnoses of O. viverrini,O. felineus
andC. sinensis. Eggs canbedetectedeither in faeces, bile fromnaso-biliaryor percutaneous transhepaticbiliarydrainage (PTBD) during
treatment of bile duct obstruction, or duodenal fluid. Adult worms
may be encountered from expulsion chemotherapy