3.4. Organizational context
The organizational context represents a heretofore under-represented category to be considered for the potential development of leadership. The organizational context can include mechanisms and activities that exist or take place at
the organizational level that are outside the classroom and do not fit into the job context, such as culture, core values, existing vision, and HR strategies. As shown in Fig. 2 and described below, we propose that the organizational context represents the category within which the spiritual domain is most effectively addressed, while concurrently playing an overarching role in the leadership development process across all of the ACES domains. For example, organizational culture and values send strong messages to developing leaders about the importance the organization places on the analytical, conceptual, emotional, and spiritual domains of leadership (Kotter & Heskett, 1992; Schein, 1996). If an organizational culture fails to reinforce any one of the four domains, aspiring leaders are likely to neglect that aspect of their development. As an example, when a culture stresses shared beliefs, values, and norms suggesting adherence to morality and ethics in all pursuits of the organization's members, we would expect to see aspiring leaders selected, rewarded, and developed to embody such a culture.
Core values that are written and reinforced, as well as mission and vision statements, also contribute to the development of leadership. Such mechanisms, when reinforced by high-level executives, can shape a range of leadership domains, especially the emotional and spiritual domains. These mechanisms create a framework of the organization's orientation towards such areas as organizational purpose, teamwork, performance, ethical behavior, and rewards (Kabanoff, Waldersee, & Cohen, 1995). A clear framework of the core values, mission, and vision helps the aspiring leader shape his or her development. For example, by understanding that the company values teamwork, the aspiring leader can concentrate on the team's goals, rather than on individual achievement. As such, the individual development of the leader will be focused on those domains that are important to being able to lead a team, such as emotional maturity, rather than on individual pursuits. Likewise, a written organizational value of ethical behavior will allow for spiritual development by avoiding ethical compromises in leader decision-making.
AES corporation, one of the largest energy firms in the world, provides an interesting example in this vein. Individuals in leadership positions at AES are acculturated to believe that the firm is less about generating and distributing power, and more about serving the larger society within which AES operates. That is, they are developed to believe that the literal mission or enduring purpose of AES is to live out their four key corporate values (Bakke, 2005). These values are integrity (AES and AES employees act with wholeness, or completeness), fairness (AES ensures that all stakeholders, including employees, are treated equitably), social responsibility (AES benefits society and mitigates the potentially negative consequences of the firm's activities), and fun (AES fosters a work environment that is rewarding, exciting, and creative). For AES leaders, these values dictate that, for example, moral and spiritual components of leadership will be operative and reinforced in the workplace. For example, due to the shared commitment to integrity, AES executives are not only encouraged to make their spiritual values operative in the workplace, they are expected to do so. Further, these values suggest that the organization (and its leaders) will engage employees at an emotional level by emphasizing fairness and societal benefit. AES appears to be so firmly committed to the primacy of
these values that the firm publicly states in its investor prospectus that “if the Company perceives a conflict between
these values and profits, the Company will try to adhere to its values — even though doing so might result in diminished
profits and foregone opportunities” (Bakke, 2005: 39). In sum, through the clear designation and reinforcement of such
values, we view AES as an example of a firm committed to the continuous development of emotional and spiritual domains on the part of leaders via mechanisms that fit into the organizational context category herein proposed.
Similarly, HR policies have the potential to play an important role in facilitating the development of aspiring leaders by helping identify behaviors and performance outcomes that are important to the organization (Becker & Gerhart,
1996). Policies oriented towards long-term employment can foster commitment from the aspiring leader toward his or her development (Delery & Doty, 1996). Organizational mechanisms such as employment policies can create security and allow for the development of skills and areas that take longer to develop, such as the conceptual, emotional and spiritual domains (Delery & Doty, 1996). Thus, policies that promote the development of leaders, in secure environments that are focused on long-term results, allow aspiring leaders to develop holistically by being involved in developmental processes that are part of long-term HR strategies (Delery & Doty, 1996).
Organizational strategy-setting provides an opportunity for development as well. When leaders are challenged to align HR and organizational strategies, they are likely to develop their capacities to work through complex situations at the organizational level. By developing the capacity to work through the difficult process of linking strategies at the organizational level (e.g. aligning a rewards system with an organizational strategy such as a quality program), individuals develop conceptual and possibly emotional abilities (Youndt, Snell, Dean, & Lepak, 1996). Accordingly, aspiring leaders are afforded the opportunity to develop conceptual, systems-thinking skills, while concurrently increasing emotional maturity as they navigate difficult organizational challenges, such as employee resistance to change.
Leaders are also developed through specific HR practices or programs. For example, the use of multi-source feedback represents a practice that can ensure that an aspiring leader develops in a well-balanced manner, including aspects of emotional, and even spiritual development. In the process of receiving feedback, the individual has the chance to learn about himself or herself, as well as opportunities for growth (Atwater, Waldman, & Brett, 2002). It is important to help the aspiring leader learn through these situations, while they review the feedback of others, where there are opportunities to balance emotion and manage negative emotion. Further, multi-source feedback represents an opportunity for the individual to look at the spiritual domain and assess how others view the extent of their moral or ethical behavior, as well as how they reward/punish such behavior when shown by others.
Thus, the effective use of multi-source feedback can lead to strides in the development process and potentially
change behavior and the effectiveness of leaders (e.g., Atwater, Waldman, Atwater, & Cartier, 2000). As noted by Yukl (2006), such feedback may need to be coupled with follow-up and additional coaching and support after the aspiring leader has a chance to make progress in the areas upon which the feedback pertains (Yukl, 2006). It is also interesting to note that as expressed by Atwater et al. (2002), multi-source feedback is most likely to have positive effects on leadership development in organizational cultures stressing openness, change, and development — and where such core values are made known. As such, various aspects of the organizational context (i.e., HR strategies, organizational culture, and core values) may work together in the leadership development process.
General Electric (GE) is an example of a firm that has used multi-source feedback, as well as other performance management strategies, to reinforce leader behavior in line with the firm's core values. GE has specifically employed multi-source feedback to determine a leader's ability to energize others (e.g., inspire and incite passion within others), as well as their ability to demonstrate sustained energy (e.g., the level of personal inspiration and passion demonstrated by the leaders themselves). GE has further developed a leader typology focused on identifying individuals in leadership positions that do not effectively practice leadership in the emotional and spiritual domains of the ACES model, and
thereby fail to demonstrate authentic energy or to holistically energize others. Such a “Type 4” leader “forces
performance out of people, rather than inspires it” (Welch & Byrne, 2001: 188). When identified, such individuals are
first provided opportunities within GE designed to foster development across the emotional and spiritual leadership domains. If these developmental efforts fail, the Type 4 leaders either voluntarily or involuntarily leave the firm.
In sum, utilizing all three contexts helps to ensure holistic leadership development. When leadership development is conceptualized in terms of the gamut of classroom, job, and organizational contexts, individuals stand the best chance of maturing in all four domains of the ACES model. As previously noted, the above outlined discussion of leadership development mechanisms is by no means an exhaustive one. However, as summarized in Table 4, it does portray a representative mix of several leadership development mechanisms as conceptualized into our proposed three-category typology, in addition to providing some indication of proposed efficacy for several specific mechanisms relative to the four ACES domains.
We should note that while we have focused our discussion of the three-category classification sc
3.4. Organizational contextThe organizational context represents a heretofore under-represented category to be considered for the potential development of leadership. The organizational context can include mechanisms and activities that exist or take place at the organizational level that are outside the classroom and do not fit into the job context, such as culture, core values, existing vision, and HR strategies. As shown in Fig. 2 and described below, we propose that the organizational context represents the category within which the spiritual domain is most effectively addressed, while concurrently playing an overarching role in the leadership development process across all of the ACES domains. For example, organizational culture and values send strong messages to developing leaders about the importance the organization places on the analytical, conceptual, emotional, and spiritual domains of leadership (Kotter & Heskett, 1992; Schein, 1996). If an organizational culture fails to reinforce any one of the four domains, aspiring leaders are likely to neglect that aspect of their development. As an example, when a culture stresses shared beliefs, values, and norms suggesting adherence to morality and ethics in all pursuits of the organization's members, we would expect to see aspiring leaders selected, rewarded, and developed to embody such a culture.ค่านิยมหลักที่เขียน และเสริม รวมทั้งวิสัยทัศน์และพันธกิจงบ ส่วนหนึ่งของการพัฒนาภาวะผู้นำ กลไกดังกล่าว เมื่อเสริม ด้วยผู้บริหารระดับสูง สามารถสร้างรูปร่างของโดเมนเป็นผู้นำ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งทางอารมณ์ และจิตวิญญาณโดเมน กลไกเหล่านี้สร้างกรอบของการวางแนวขององค์กรไปยังพื้นที่ดังกล่าวเป็นวัตถุประสงค์ขององค์กร ทีม ประสิทธิภาพ จริยธรรม และรางวัล (Kabanoff, Waldersee และโคเฮน 1995) กรอบใส ของภารกิจ พันธกิจ วิสัยทัศน์ช่วยให้ผู้นำธีมรูปร่างพัฒนาของเขา หรือเธอ เช่น โดยเข้าใจว่า บริษัทค่าการทำงานเป็นทีม ผู้นำธีมสามารถรวบรวมความ ในเป้าหมายของทีม มากกว่าความสำเร็จแต่ละ เช่น ผู้นำการพัฒนาแต่ละจะสามารถมุ่งเน้น ในโดเมนนั้นที่สำคัญจะนำทีมงาน เช่นครบกำหนดอารมณ์ มากกว่าแต่ละชั้น ทำนองเดียวกัน ค่าจริยธรรมองค์กรเขียนจะอนุญาตให้พัฒนาด้านจิตวิญญาณ โดยหลีกเลี่ยงการรับจริยธรรมผู้นำตัดสินใจบริษัท AES เป็นหนึ่งในบริษัทพลังงานที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในโลก ตัวอย่างน่าสนใจในหลอดเลือดดำนี้ บุคคลในตำแหน่งผู้นำที่ AES จะ acculturated เชื่อว่า บริษัทไม่น้อย เกี่ยวกับการสร้าง และการกระจายอำนาจ และเพิ่มเติมบริการสังคมใหญ่ที่ AES ทำงาน คือ พวกเขากำลังพัฒนาเชื่อว่า ภารกิจตามตัวอักษรหรือวัตถุประสงค์ที่ยั่งยืนของ AES อยู่ออกสี่หลักองค์กรค่า (Bakke, 2005) ค่าเหล่านี้มีความสมบูรณ์ (AES และ AES พนักงานทำว่าว หรือความสมบูรณ์), ยุติธรรม (AES ให้แน่ใจว่า จะถือว่าเสียทั้งหมด รวมถึงพนักงาน equitably) สังคม (AES ประโยชน์สังคม และผลกระทบอาจลบของกิจกรรมของบริษัท mitigates), และ (AES ส่งเสริมระบบการทำงานที่คุ้มค่า น่าตื่นเต้น และความคิดสร้างสรรค์) สำหรับผู้นำ AES ค่าเหล่านี้บอกว่า เช่น ส่วนประกอบทางศีลธรรม และจิตวิญญาณของความเป็นผู้นำจะเสริม และวิธีปฏิบัติตนภายในทำงาน ตัวอย่าง เนื่องจากความมุ่งมั่นร่วมกันความซื่อสัตย์ ผู้บริหาร AES ได้ไม่เฉพาะทำให้คุณค่าทางจิตวิญญาณของพวกเขาวิธีปฏิบัติตนภายในทำงาน พวกเขาจะต้องทำ เพิ่มเติม ค่าเหล่านี้แนะนำว่า องค์กร (และเป็นผู้นำ) จะสนับสนุนให้พนักงานที่ระดับการอารมณ์ โดยเน้นธรรมและประโยชน์ของข้อมูล AES ปรากฏเป็น primacy ของเพื่อมุ่งมั่นค่าเหล่านี้ที่บริษัททั่วไประบุในหนังสือชี้ชวนของนักลงทุนที่ "ถ้าบริษัทละเว้นความขัดแย้งระหว่างค่าเหล่านี้และผลกำไร บริษัทจะพยายามยึดตามค่าของตัวแม้ว่าทำดังนั้นอาจส่งผลให้ ลดลงผลกำไรและโอกาส foregone" (Bakke, 2005:39) ในผล กำหนดชัดเจนและเสริมผลค่า เราดู AES เป็นตัวอย่างของบริษัทที่มุ่งมั่นที่จะพัฒนาอย่างต่อเนื่องของอารมณ์ และจิตวิญญาณโดเมนในส่วนผู้นำผ่านกลไกที่เป็นบริบทขององค์กรซึ่งนำเสนอในทำนองเดียวกัน นโยบาย HR อาจมีบทบาทสำคัญในการอำนวยความสะดวกในการพัฒนาผู้นำธีมโดยช่วยระบุพฤติกรรมและผลของประสิทธิภาพการทำงานที่สำคัญสำหรับองค์กร (Becker & Gerhartปี 1996) . นโยบายมุ่งเน้นต่อการจ้างงานระยะยาวสามารถส่งเสริมความมุ่งมั่นจากผู้นำธีมไปยัง ผู้พัฒนา (Delery & Doty, 1996) ได้ กลไกขององค์กรเช่นนโยบายการจ้างงานสามารถสร้างความปลอดภัย และอนุญาตให้มีการพัฒนาทักษะและพื้นที่ที่ใช้ในการพัฒนา เช่นในแนวคิด อารมณ์ และจิตวิญญาณโด (Delery & Doty, 1996) ได้ จึง นโยบายที่ส่งเสริมการพัฒนาผู้นำ ในสภาพแวดล้อมทางที่จะมุ่งเน้นผลลัพธ์ระยะยาว อนุญาตให้นำธีมพัฒนาในแบบองค์รวม โดยการมีส่วนร่วมในกระบวนการพัฒนาที่เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของกลยุทธ์ HR ระยะยาว (Delery & Doty, 1996)การตั้งค่ากลยุทธ์องค์กรให้โอกาสพัฒนาเช่น เมื่อมีท้าทายผู้นำตำแหน่ง HR และกลยุทธ์องค์กร พวกเขามีแนวโน้มการพัฒนาของพวกเขากำลังทำงานผ่านสถานการณ์ที่ซับซ้อนในระดับองค์กร โดยการพัฒนาความสามารถในการทำงานโดยใช้กระบวนการที่ยากของการเชื่อมโยงกลยุทธ์ในระดับองค์กร (เช่นตำแหน่งระบบรางวัล ด้วยกลยุทธ์องค์กรเช่นโปรแกรมคุณภาพ), บุคคลพัฒนาแนวคิด และทางอารมณ์อาจสามารถ (Youndt เซี คณบดี & Lepak, 1996) ตาม ผู้นำธีมที่นี่โอกาสที่จะพัฒนาทักษะการ คิดระบบ แนวคิด ขณะพร้อมเพิ่มครบกำหนดอารมณ์พวกเขานำยากท้าทายองค์กร เช่นพนักงานต่อต้านการเปลี่ยนแปลง Leaders are also developed through specific HR practices or programs. For example, the use of multi-source feedback represents a practice that can ensure that an aspiring leader develops in a well-balanced manner, including aspects of emotional, and even spiritual development. In the process of receiving feedback, the individual has the chance to learn about himself or herself, as well as opportunities for growth (Atwater, Waldman, & Brett, 2002). It is important to help the aspiring leader learn through these situations, while they review the feedback of others, where there are opportunities to balance emotion and manage negative emotion. Further, multi-source feedback represents an opportunity for the individual to look at the spiritual domain and assess how others view the extent of their moral or ethical behavior, as well as how they reward/punish such behavior when shown by others.Thus, the effective use of multi-source feedback can lead to strides in the development process and potentiallychange behavior and the effectiveness of leaders (e.g., Atwater, Waldman, Atwater, & Cartier, 2000). As noted by Yukl (2006), such feedback may need to be coupled with follow-up and additional coaching and support after the aspiring leader has a chance to make progress in the areas upon which the feedback pertains (Yukl, 2006). It is also interesting to note that as expressed by Atwater et al. (2002), multi-source feedback is most likely to have positive effects on leadership development in organizational cultures stressing openness, change, and development — and where such core values are made known. As such, various aspects of the organizational context (i.e., HR strategies, organizational culture, and core values) may work together in the leadership development process.General Electric (GE) is an example of a firm that has used multi-source feedback, as well as other performance management strategies, to reinforce leader behavior in line with the firm's core values. GE has specifically employed multi-source feedback to determine a leader's ability to energize others (e.g., inspire and incite passion within others), as well as their ability to demonstrate sustained energy (e.g., the level of personal inspiration and passion demonstrated by the leaders themselves). GE has further developed a leader typology focused on identifying individuals in leadership positions that do not effectively practice leadership in the emotional and spiritual domains of the ACES model, andthereby fail to demonstrate authentic energy or to holistically energize others. Such a “Type 4” leader “forcesperformance out of people, rather than inspires it” (Welch & Byrne, 2001: 188). When identified, such individuals arefirst provided opportunities within GE designed to foster development across the emotional and spiritual leadership domains. If these developmental efforts fail, the Type 4 leaders either voluntarily or involuntarily leave the firm.In sum, utilizing all three contexts helps to ensure holistic leadership development. When leadership development is conceptualized in terms of the gamut of classroom, job, and organizational contexts, individuals stand the best chance of maturing in all four domains of the ACES model. As previously noted, the above outlined discussion of leadership development mechanisms is by no means an exhaustive one. However, as summarized in Table 4, it does portray a representative mix of several leadership development mechanisms as conceptualized into our proposed three-category typology, in addition to providing some indication of proposed efficacy for several specific mechanisms relative to the four ACES domains.We should note that while we have focused our discussion of the three-category classification sc
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