With modernization, some actions can be taken in parallel with others, but some actions require a foundation. For example, automation with electronic PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) first requires excellent access to sites, excellent communications, and a strong infrastructure for electronic troubleshooting and repairs. They also require a project that has an excellent maintenance record. In other words, PLC automation requires a substantial foundation that is often lacking in irrigation projects….and PLC implementation without that foundation is almost guaranteed to fail.