Gelareh and Pisinger (2011) subtract a general transshipment costs (per container
at a given port) from the revenue in their objective function.
Hamzaoui and Ben-Ayed (2011) integrate transshipment costs into
a handling cost per container, which also includes loading and
unloading costs. Andersen and Christiansen (2009) study the issues
of border crossing and embed the handling costs in terminals into
unit flow cost.