. Given these findings, if targeting the poor based on consumption is the only objective, the PMT does perform somewhat better than the community methods, though the difference between the methods in terms of the ultimate poverty impact for a typically sized program is not significantly different. Especially given the relatively small differences in ultimate poverty outcomes between the alternative treatments, it is not evident that there is a strong enough case to overrule the community’s preferences in favor of the traditional consumption metric of poverty, especially given the gain in satisfaction and legitimacy. On the other hand, what is clear is that there is no case for the intermediate hybrid method: it resulted both in worse targeting performance and low legitimacy. This may be because its main theoretical advantage—preventing elite capture—was not important in our setting. It is possible that perhaps alternative hybrid designs (e.g., using a PMT process in the first stage but then allowing the community to add some very poor households to the resulting beneficiary list) might perform better than those where the selection process is ultimately determined strictly by the PMT survey results, as the community does better at identifying the very poor. The findings in this paper raise several interesting questions. First, while we found little evidence of elite capture, it is possible that this might change over time as individuals learn to better manipulate the system. Manipulation over time has been shown to occur in some kinds of PMT systems (Camacho and Conover 2011), but whether it would occur when the per-village allocation is fixed, and whether it would be more or less severe in community-targeted systems, are important open questions. Second, given how well the community outcomes match individual self-assessments, an important question is whether a self-targeting system (perhaps connected to an ordeal mechanism, as in Nichols and Zeckhauser 1982) could provide a more cost-effective method. We regard these as important questions for future research.