1. Independent variable was business characteristic i.e. whether on SMEs was ITB or Non-ITB.
1.1 ITB abbreviated from “Invigorating Thai Business” wasa Thai-government project which
was aimed to provide SMEs technical and advisory support from the public sector with
respect to investment advice and upgrading of management capability. In this research
SMEs applying to ITB project were defined as ITBs.
1.2 Non-ITBs were SMEs who did not apply to ITB project.
2. Dependent Variables were management accounting techniques that were categorised into
traditional and advanced management accounting techniques.
2.1 Traditional management accounting techniques included variable costing, absorption
costing, standard costing, normal costing, actual costing, job order costing, process
costing, segment reporting, transfer pricing, operating budget, financial budget, flexible
budget and capital budget.
2.2 Advanced management accounting techniques included activity-based costing, value
chain analysis, total-life-cycle costing, target costing, kaizen costs, environmental
costing, balanced scorecard and quality costing