In addition to these direct effects, brand experience is also likely to result in further processing and thus affect satisfaction and loyalty indirectly. One construct—and measurement scale—that has been discussed extensively as a key inferential-associative concept is brand personality, which is defined as “the set of human characteristics associated with the brand” (Aaker 1997, p. 347). Both brand experiences and judgments of a brand’s personality occur in response to brand contact and include a categorization process; however, the formation and updating of brand personality is a highly inferential process (Johar, Sengupta, and Aaker 2005). According to Aaker (1997), a brand’s personality may be inferred from people associated with the brand (e.g., users, company representatives, endorsers), product attributes, category associations, brand name, or communi