Background
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), the provision of energy or ancillary
services from a fleet of EVs to the grid, can bring about new
mechanisms and modes for participation in the deregulated
electricity market [1, 2]. Through V2G it is possible to strongly
characterize microgrid (MG) features such as consumers’
jurisdiction, self- and distributed generation, flexible distributed
energy resources (DERs), energy storage systems (ESSs),
and overall the possibility of participation in energy trading
through the future standard of two-way communication with
the smart grid (SG)