2.4. Physical–chemical–biological hybrid system
Typically, when the wastewater comprises a wide range of
pollutants such as suspended solids, oil and grease, volatile
organics, degradable organics, ions, nutrients such as nitrogen or
phosphorus and metals, a physical–chemical–biological hybrid
system is required for the removals of these pollutants. A few
examples of the integration of physical unit operations with chemical
and biological unit processes are presented in Table 5.