The trusted platform module (TPM; Trusted Computing Group, 2007) is a hardware chip designed to enable this kind of binding between keys and programs, on commodity hardware. The TPM is an industry standard (and an ISO standard). It can work stand-alone by measuring the loaded software stack from boot time in a procedure called static root of trust. It works better with mechanisms for dynamically launching and measuring protected execution environments, such as Intel's trusted execution technology (TXT) or AMD's secure virtual machine (SVM); this procedure is called the dynamic root of trust.