CI- or SO;. bDyes contain anionic SOggroups, so these species are anionic. Dye-X is short lived. CSodiumi ons from all sources; dyes, salts and al- kali.
hydrolysis reaction, by which reactive dyes are wasted, to form by-products which will no longer react with the fiber. This reaction takes place both in the fiber and in the solution (dyebath) with the same rate constant of hydrolysis, kH, but at different rates, because the concentra- tions of the reactants are different in the two locations: In-Fiber Hydrolysis Rate =