This research is based on a survey because there is no archival database which
provides detailed information on GSC practices and performance. The design process
for the survey questionnaire consisted of two stages. In the first stage, an extensive
literature review on GSC practices and performance was conducted to ensure the
content validity of the questionnaire. Then, a pilot study was conducted with 15
managers to review the preliminary questionnaire, checking for ambiguity and the
appropriateness of the items. The managers were asked to review whether the
measurement items were appropriate in real-world business situations. Based on
suggestions received, the questionnaire was refined for clarity. A double translation
protocol was used for questionnaire development. The English version of the
questionnaire was translated into Korean, and then the Korean version was translated
back into English by a bilingual SCM faculty. No significant difference was found.