Risperidone reduced violent behavior and hostility
in open studies of schizophrenia (Chengappa et al. 2000,
Bitter et al. 2005). An analysis of a randomized doubleblind
study of risperidone in schizophrenia patients
confirmed its superiority over placebo in reducing
hostility (Czobor et al. 1995). Other comparisons of
risperidone with various antipsychotics in randomized
trials showed mostly no significant differences in
antiaggressive effects (Swanson et al. 2008a).
Aripiprazole. Five randomized, double-blind
studies of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective
disorder compared aripiprazole with placebo. Three of
the studies included haloperidol as a comparator. Posthoc
analyses showed that aripiprazole was superior to
placebo and not significantly different from haloperidol
in reducing hostility (Volavka et al. 2005).
Quetiapine. Open studies supported effectiveness of
quetiapine against hostility and aggression (Citrome et
al. 2001a, Villari et al. 2008). These observations were
confirmed by post-hoc analyses of randomized doubleblind
trials demonstrating superiority of quetiapine over
placebo in reducing aggression in schizophrenia patients
(Arango & Bernardo 2005). In another study, quetiapine’s
antiaggressive effects were similar to other
atypical antipsychotics, but they were weaker than those
of perphenazine (Swanson et al. 2008a).
Ziprasidone. Post-hoc analyses of effects on
hostility used data from a randomized, open-label study
comparing ziprasidone with haloperidol in schizophrenia
and schizoaffective disorder (Citrome et al.
2006). Both drugs reduced hostility; ziprasidone was
superior to haloperidol only during the first week of the
study. Ziprasidone’s antiaggressive effect were similar
to other antipsychotics (Swanson et al. 2008a).
Other medications
Anticonvulsants and lithium are widely used for
the adjunctive treatment of aggressive behavior in
schizophrenia patients. However, this treatment is not
supported by adequate empirical evidence. While it may
be effective in individual patients, such treatment must
be closely monitored, and it must be stopped if it fails to
show clear benefits (Citrome 2009).
Adrenergic beta-blockers showed antiaggressive
action in several studies and case reports (Sheppard 1979,
Whitman et al. 1987, Yorkston et al. 1977, Caspi et al.
2001, Newman & McDermott 2011), and this approach
has been recommended for violence in schizophrenia as
a second-line treatment (Kane et al. 2003) (p. 39).
Beta-blockers reduce blood pressure and pulse rate;
and these adverse effects are partly responsible for the
recent lack of interest in exploring beta-blockers as a
treatment of violence. Beta-blockers have been supplanted
by antipsychotics. Nevertheless, antipsychotics are
not always effective; efficacy of adjunctive betablockers
in the treatment of persistently aggressive
schizophrenia patients should be studied further.
Recently published meta-analyses indicating an
association between the polymorphism of the catecholo-
methyl transferase (COMT) gene and violence in
schizophrenia may rekindle interest in this area (Singh
et al. 2012) (Bhakta et al. 2012).
Risperidone reduced violent behavior and hostilityin open studies of schizophrenia (Chengappa et al. 2000,Bitter et al. 2005). An analysis of a randomized doubleblindstudy of risperidone in schizophrenia patientsconfirmed its superiority over placebo in reducinghostility (Czobor et al. 1995). Other comparisons ofrisperidone with various antipsychotics in randomizedtrials showed mostly no significant differences inantiaggressive effects (Swanson et al. 2008a).Aripiprazole. Five randomized, double-blindstudies of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffectivedisorder compared aripiprazole with placebo. Three ofthe studies included haloperidol as a comparator. Posthocanalyses showed that aripiprazole was superior toplacebo and not significantly different from haloperidolin reducing hostility (Volavka et al. 2005).Quetiapine. Open studies supported effectiveness ofquetiapine against hostility and aggression (Citrome etal. 2001a, Villari et al. 2008). These observations wereconfirmed by post-hoc analyses of randomized doubleblindtrials demonstrating superiority of quetiapine overplacebo in reducing aggression in schizophrenia patients(Arango & Bernardo 2005). In another study, quetiapine’santiaggressive effects were similar to otheratypical antipsychotics, but they were weaker than thoseof perphenazine (Swanson et al. 2008a).Ziprasidone. Post-hoc analyses of effects onhostility used data from a randomized, open-label studycomparing ziprasidone with haloperidol in schizophreniaand schizoaffective disorder (Citrome et al.2006). Both drugs reduced hostility; ziprasidone wassuperior to haloperidol only during the first week of thestudy. Ziprasidone’s antiaggressive effect were similarto other antipsychotics (Swanson et al. 2008a).Other medicationsAnticonvulsants and lithium are widely used forthe adjunctive treatment of aggressive behavior inschizophrenia patients. However, this treatment is notsupported by adequate empirical evidence. While it maybe effective in individual patients, such treatment mustbe closely monitored, and it must be stopped if it fails toshow clear benefits (Citrome 2009).Adrenergic beta-blockers showed antiaggressiveaction in several studies and case reports (Sheppard 1979,Whitman et al. 1987, Yorkston et al. 1977, Caspi et al.2001, Newman & McDermott 2011), and this approachhas been recommended for violence in schizophrenia asa second-line treatment (Kane et al. 2003) (p. 39).Beta-blockers reduce blood pressure and pulse rate;and these adverse effects are partly responsible for therecent lack of interest in exploring beta-blockers as atreatment of violence. Beta-blockers have been supplantedby antipsychotics. Nevertheless, antipsychotics arenot always effective; efficacy of adjunctive betablockersin the treatment of persistently aggressiveschizophrenia patients should be studied further.Recently published meta-analyses indicating anassociation between the polymorphism of the catecholo-methyl transferase (COMT) gene and violence inschizophrenia may rekindle interest in this area (Singhet al. 2012) (Bhakta et al. 2012).
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