Every year almost nine million people contract tuberculosis and two million people die from the disease.1 The risk of progressing to active tuberculosis following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is high in young children during the first year following infection, with children aged <1 year of age having a 50–60% risk of disease progression.2 3 HIV-infected adults and children are also at high risk of disease progression and reactivation.4 Since up to 60% of young children diagnosed with active tuberculosis have a reported household contact with an infectious index case in high-burden settings,5 contact tracing of children and other individuals exposed to a household index case represents an opportunity for intensified tuberculosis control.
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