2.2. Instruments
The survey instrument was developed from a synthesized literature
review offirst aid. The instrument consistedof 37 itemsdivided
into three subscales. The first subscale consisted of knowledge of
first aid, including trauma, scalds and burns, choking, poisoning,
and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This subscale contained
25 questions scored true or false, with a higher score indicating a
better level of first aid knowledge. The second subscale focused
on parents’ self-efficacy regarding first aid (the degree of confi-
dence in managing first aid). A 12-item, five-point Likert scale was
constructed, with 4 indicating ‘very sure (100% certainty)’ and 0
indicating ‘not sure (0% certainty)’. Higher scores indicated better
confidence regarding first aid. The third subscale consisted
of demographic data, including age, education, participation in a
previous first aid program, and experience of first aid. The questionnaire
required approximately 15 min to complete.
The instrument’s readability, accuracy, and adaptability were
adequate as determined by an expert panel and pilottest. Themembers
of the expert panel included one scholar in pediatric nursing