Empower and educate local people to improve protection of
reefs. In many developing countries, this will require a radical
change in governance structures, away from top-down centra-
lized systems to multi-scale institutional arrangements that
promote greater local participation and ownership [71,108]. For
example, without strong local support, no-take marine reserves
inevitably fail to reach their objective of repairing distorted food
webs, rejuvenating depleted stocks [86,109], and rebuilding
resilience. Similarly, changes in land-use, which are critical for
managing runoff of sediment and pollutants, require sustained
local involvement and support [110].