Environmental stresses require plants to perceive and react to
these signals in a highly coordinated and interactive manner.
Plants being sessile organisms need to maintain plasticity in
growth and ability to adapt to harsh changing environmental
conditions, and this adaptation is mediated by elaborate
signaling networks. Signal transduction cascades that interact
with the baseline pathways transduced by phytohormones
get triggered by the perception of abiotic stresses [101].
The fluctuations of stress-responsive hormones help alter
cellular dynamics and thus play a central role in coordinately
regulating growth responses under stress conditions [102].
The convergence points among hormone signal transduction
cascades are considered crosstalk, and together they form a
signaling network [101]. In this way, hormones seemingly
interact by activating either a common second messenger or a
phosphorylation cascade. In the last few decades, insights
into the biosynthetic and core signaling components of major
phytohormones including ABA, IAA, BRs, GAs, JA, and ET
have been revealed [103]. However, owing to the extreme
complexity of responses to different stress thresholds, lack of
knowledge about tissue-specific stress response, and inadequate
understanding of genetic plasticity and its adaptability
to environments, the mechanistic basis of abiotic stress
tolerance remains largely unclear and confusing [102]. Consequently,
all these factors collectively contribute to more
confusion than resolution [104]. Still, perturbed phytohormone
fluxes and the subsequent signal transduction cascade
have been revealed as one of the primary stress responses
evolved by plants.