After adjusting the Munich inner city models for noise, the fore-mentioned association between NO2and diastolic BP in the subgroup of children was attenuated to null. However, positive associations between noise and diastolic BP were observed, which is consistent with our previous study in which we had not considered the effects of air pollution as a covariate (Liu et al., 2013). Based on these results, it appears that noise may play a more important role than air pollution on childhood BP.