Consider next what happens when the two input terminals are connected together to a commonmode
input voltage vIcm. It is easy to see that an equal voltage appears at the negative input terminals
of A1 and A2, causing the current through 2R1 to be zero. Thus there will be no current flowing in the
R2 resistors, and the voltages at the output terminals of A1 and A2 will be equal to the input (i.e., vIcm).
Thus the first stage no longer amplifies vIcm; it simply propagates vIcm to its two output terminals,
where they are subtracted to produce a zero common-mode output by A3. The difference amplifier
in the second stage, however, now has a much improved situation at its input: The difference signal
has been amplified by while the common-mode voltage remained unchanged.
Finally, we observe from the expression in Eq. (2.22) that the gain can be varied by
changing only one resistor, 2R1. We conclude that this is an excellent differential amplifier
circuit and is widely employed as an instrumentation amplifier; that is, as the input amplifier
used in a variety of electronic instruments.
Consider next what happens when the two input terminals are connected together to a commonmodeinput voltage vIcm. It is easy to see that an equal voltage appears at the negative input terminalsof A1 and A2, causing the current through 2R1 to be zero. Thus there will be no current flowing in theR2 resistors, and the voltages at the output terminals of A1 and A2 will be equal to the input (i.e., vIcm).Thus the first stage no longer amplifies vIcm; it simply propagates vIcm to its two output terminals,where they are subtracted to produce a zero common-mode output by A3. The difference amplifierin the second stage, however, now has a much improved situation at its input: The difference signalhas been amplified by while the common-mode voltage remained unchanged.Finally, we observe from the expression in Eq. (2.22) that the gain can be varied bychanging only one resistor, 2R1. We conclude that this is an excellent differential amplifiercircuit and is widely employed as an instrumentation amplifier; that is, as the input amplifierused in a variety of electronic instruments.
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