Physical or steam refining is practiced by various refineries
around the world, and it combines deacidification with deodorization.
This method is performed at high temperatures and low pressures
and therefore requires high energy inputs and costly
machinery. Physical refining is more efficient for the higher FFA
contents in rice oils, giving higher neutralized oil yields than alkali
refining, although the quality of the final product depends on the
quality of the crude oil