Nanowaste generated as a by-product can be assumed controllable, as the point of generation is identifiable, but this is not the case for EOL nanoproducts, which are expected to be present in regular waste flows. Moreover, as the presence of ENMs is not quantified in solid waste, EOL nanowaste management must be based on the properties of the matrix materials and/or the properties of the nanoproduct itself. The physical and chemical stability of the matrix material at conditions relevant for the type of waste treatment in question may further determine the release of ENMs into the environment.