1. Introduction
The quality of human resources in Indonesia, measured by the human development index (HDI) of the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), falls into the medium range by international standards
(Kusharjanto, 2011). In 2000, the HDI of Indonesia (69.2) ranked 107th in the world (UNDP 2007). Java’s
HDI is commensurate with its status as the most highly developed area in Indonesia; it is far below the
international standard. The global average is above 80. However, The HDI for DKI Jakarta province,